1、 Common types of accidents in open-pit mining

1. Mechanical injury

During the processes of perforation, shoveling, transportation, and unloading in open-pit mines, mechanical injuries can easily occur due to human errors or equipment failures.

2. Blasting accidents

Blasting operation is an essential process in mining, and blasting accidents are also one of the common casualties in mines. Any slight carelessness in the entire process of purchasing, transporting, storing, preserving, distributing, processing, and using explosives can lead to serious accidents, resulting in casualties and property damage to operators, and affecting Production.

3. Electrical accidents

The main manifestations of electrical hazards are electrical fire hazards and electric shock hazards. Both the production system and auxiliary system of metal and non-metal mines use a lot of electrical equipment. If the electrical equipment and facilities operate at overload for a long time, they will generate a large amount of heat, causing damage to the internal insulation of the electrical equipment and the failure of the protection monitoring device, resulting in fires and explosions; In addition, distribution lines, switches, fuses, plug sockets, lighting appliances, motors, etc. may all cause electrical injuries and may also become ignition sources for fires.

4. Landslide of open-pit mine slope

With the increase of mining depth in open-pit mines, the height of their slopes is also increasing, and instability phenomena such as landslides are increasing year by year. According to incomplete statistics of large and medium-sized open-pit mines in China, unstable slopes or slopes with potential landslide risks account for about 15% to 20% of the total number of mine slopes, with some mines reaching as high as 30%.

5. Landslides and debris flow accidents in the waste dump site

As a giant artificial loose accumulation body, the nature and characteristics of the waste dump determine that it is prone to accidents such as landslides and mudslides. Moreover, mining enterprises generally build waste disposal sites in the upstream areas of villages or mining areas, which also affects the lives and property of downstream people Pose a threat. Other accidents: poisoning, suffocation, flood, fire, etc

2、 Mining and stripping operations requirement

（1）.. The platform width should not be too narrow, generally leaving 15-25m.

(2) Set up a rolling stone platform. When using steep slope expansion operation, a rolling stone platform with a width of 20-25m should be arranged every 60-90m to prevent the expansion of rolling stones from threatening the normal mining and stripping operation at the lower part.

(3) Partition expansion. Expansion stripping and normal stripping should be carried out in separate zones. If they are in the same section, they should be staggered. Depending on the height difference of the expansion, the horizontal offset distance should generally be greater than 200m.

(4) Directional blasting. The expansion adopts directional blasting to prevent the blasting direction from turning towards the goaf side, in order to prevent the threat of rolling stones from the expansion blasting to the normal mining and stripping operations in the lower part. It is strictly prohibited to carry out blasting on two adjacent combination steps at the same time.

3、 Investigation and disposal of hidden dangers in perforation operations

1. Perforation operation inspect

(1) When the drilling rig travels on a steep slope (greater than 15 °), the drilling frame must be lowered and anti overturning measures must be taken; When passing under the power transmission line, the main frame must be lowered.

(2) The drilling rig and the electric shovel near the bottom line of the slope are not operating simultaneously.

(3) When handling faults or performing normal maintenance on the main frame, operators must wear Take it.

2. Perforation operation management

(1) When stabilizing the drilling rig, it should maintain sufficient distance from the top line of the step slope Distance. The line from the center of the jack to the top of the step slope Small distance: The trolley is 1m, the roller drill, down the hole drill, and steel rope impact drilling rig are 2.5m, and the soft rock mass is 3.5m. During drilling operations, there should be no people on the platform, and non operators should not stay around it. If the drilling rig is shut down for a long time, the power supply on the machine should be cut off.

(2) When the drilling rig is walking near the edge of the steps, it should be checked whether the walking route is; The protruding part on the outside of the trolley extends to the top line of the step slope The small distance is 2m, and the protruding part on the outer side reaches the top line of the step slope The small distance is 3m.

(3) When the drilling rig is moving, there should be someone underneath to guide and supervise it. When walking, the driver should sound the horn first, and there should be no one in front or behind the tracks; Do not make sharp turns of 90 degrees or walk on soft ground; When passing through high and low voltage lines, sufficient Distance. The drilling rig should not stay on the inclined slope for a long time; Without sufficient lighting, one should not walk long distances at night.

(4) When moving cables and stopping, cutting, and supplying power, it is necessary to strictly wear high-voltage insulated gloves and insulation

4、 Investigation and disposal of hidden dangers in blasting operations

(1) Prepare the tools and equipment for loading the medicine.

(2) Understand the weather conditions.

(3) Make contact with relevant parties before blasting.

(4) Be vigilant.

(5) Acceptance of blast holes: whether the blast holes meet the design requirements and whether there is any deviation; Are there any blockages or blockages in the holes, and is there a risk of collapse in the chamber; Is there water inside the borehole. After inspection, if any problems are found inside the blast hole, they must be resolved before loading and detonating the explosives.

2. Blasting operations Management and Inspection

There are many hazardous factors in blasting operations, and the following work must be done well.

(1) At all levels To include blasting operations in Important production agenda, strengthened supervision, and dedicated personnel responsible for blasting operations.

(2) Establish and improve various aspects of blasting operations Management system and strict implementation.

(3) Thoroughly organize training for blasting personnel, improve their comprehensive quality, and ensure that they are certified to work.

(4) Strengthen the management of blasting materials and strictly implement the distribution system. After each blasting, the blasting personnel must promptly return the remaining blasting equipment to the warehouse.

3. Blind Cannon Processing

In blasting work, the phenomenon of blind ignition and refusal of detonation caused by various reasons, including residual detonation and refusal of detonation, is called blind blasting. The handling of blind fire must comply with the following regulations:

(1) Before dealing with blind fire, blasting should be carried out Set up a warning range and set up a warning at the boundary of the area. When dealing with blind fire, unrelated personnel are not allowed to enter the warning area.

(2) When a blind shot occurs during electric detonation, the power supply should be immediately cut off and the blind shot circuit should be short circuited in a timely manner.

(3) Do not pull out or extract the detonating explosive from the gun hole and medicine pot.

(4) After blind blasting treatment, the blasting pile should be carefully inspected, and the remaining blasting equipment should be collected and destroyed; Preventive measures should be taken before confirming the absence of residual blasting equipment in the explosive pile.

(5) After the blind shooting treatment, the handler should fill out a registration card or submit a report, explaining the reasons for the blind shooting, the methods and results of the treatment, and the preventive measures.

5、 Investigation and disposal of hidden dangers in shovel loading operations

1. Shovel loading operation Checking the shovel loading work is the central link in the entire production process of open-pit mining.

(1) The distance between two or more excavators operating on the same platform and adjacent excavators operating simultaneously in two stages must meet the requirements of the "Regulations for Metal and Non Metal Open pit Mines".

(2) Excavators walk within the stable range of the work platform.

(3) During excavator and front-end loader loading operations, it is prohibited for the bucket to pass above the vehicle cab.

2. Shovel loading operation management

(1) The excavator whistle or alarm should be intact. Warning signals should be issued when performing various operations. During night work, all signals and lights under and in front of the vehicle should be in good condition.

(2) When excavating, if suspended rocks or signs of collapse, blind shots, etc. are found, the operation should be stopped immediately and the equipment should be driven to zone.

(3) During excavator operation, no one should stay under the boom and bucket or near the working face.

(4) When loading, the bucket should not press against the car's side, and the unloading height of the bucket should not exceed 0.5m to avoid injuring the driver and damaging the vehicle.

(5) Do not use excavator buckets to handle stuck vehicles.

(6) When two or more excavators are operating on the same platform, the distance between the excavators should not be less than that when transporting by car Three times the excavation radius and should not be less than 50m; When transporting by locomotive, the length should not be less than the length of two trains.

(7) Excavators operating on both upper and lower steps should be staggered along the direction of the steps by a certain distance.

(8) Excavators use cables When managing railway crossings, protective measures should be taken for cables Measures for management and railway crossings; When walking on soft or muddy roads, measures should be taken to prevent sinking; Anti slip measures should be taken when going up and down hills.

(9) When the excavator goes up and down hills, the drive shaft should always be in the downhill direction; The bucket should be unloaded and placed at an appropriate distance from the ground; The cantilever axis should be aligned with the direction of travel.

(10) When the excavator is running, the position of the cantilever should not be adjusted.

6、 Investigation and disposal of hidden dangers in transportation operations

Open pit mining transportation is one of the main processes in open-pit mining, including road transportation, railway transportation, belt conveyor transportation, chute and adit transportation, slope hoisting transportation, etc., with a focus on road transportation.

1. Road transportation inspect

In order to Road transportation, The following points should be achieved:

(1) Self dumping trucks are strictly prohibited from carrying flammable and explosive materials; No passengers are allowed on the platform outside the driver's cab, foot pedals, and car body. Do not lift or lower the bucket during operation.

(2) The width of a two lane road should be Meeting the car. If the passing sight distance at the bend cannot meet the requirements, lanes should be set up separately. Warning signs should be placed in sharp turns, steep slopes, and dangerous areas. For curved slopes, sections with steep slopes, and sections with high embankment roadbeds, guardrails, car barriers, etc. should be installed on the outer side. For the long and steep slopes of the main transportation roads and connecting roads, they should be adjusted according to the operation Need to set up a car avoidance lane.

(3) Under normal operating conditions, vehicles of the same type should not overtake, and the distance between front and rear vehicles should be maintained appropriately. Production lines and ramps should not be parked without reason.

(4) When visibility is affected by foggy weather or smoke and dust, turn on the yellow headlights and traffic lights, and slow down on the right side. The distance between the front and rear workshops should not be less than 30m. When the line of sight is less than 20m, stop driving on the right side and do not turn off the warning lights in front and behind the vehicle. When the road is slippery during snowy or rainy seasons, anti-skid measures should be taken and driving should be slowed down; The distance between the front and rear vehicles should not be less than 40m; When towing other vehicles, effective measures should be taken Measures will be taken and directed by a dedicated person.

(5) When a dump truck enters the working face for loading, it should be parked 0.5m outside the turning range of the excavator tail to prevent the excavator from turning and damaging the vehicle. During loading, the vehicle should not be inspected or maintained.

(6) The unloading platform should have sufficient shunting width. The unloading site should be equipped with sturdy and reliable vehicle blocking facilities, and a dedicated person should be assigned to command. The loading and unloading site at night should have good lighting.

(7) Downhill driving should not be coasted in neutral. When parking on a slope, the driver should not leave; The parking brake should be applied and measures.

2. Belt conveyor transportation inspect

(1) Pedestrian walkways should be set up on both sides of the belt conveyor, and the width of the sidewalk on the pedestrian side should not be less than 1.0m; The other side should not be less than 0.6m.

(2) The operation of belt conveyors should comply with the following: no personnel should ride non passenger belt conveyors; Materials and equipment other than the specified ones, as well as excessively long materials, should not be transported; The vehicle should be stopped in a timely manner to remove debris from the conveyor belt, transmission wheel, and reversing wheel, and should not be cleaned under the running conveyor belt; At locations where it is necessary to cross the conveyor, overpasses with railings should be installed; The machine head, reducer, and other rotating parts should be equipped with protective covers; When the conveyor is running, it should not be oiled, inspected, or repaired.

(3) Each loading and unloading point should be equipped with protective devices such as empty and full compartments that are interlocked with the conveyor, and equipped with sound and light signals.

(4) Belt conveyors should be equipped with devices to prevent tape deviation, tearing, and breakage, as well as reliable braking, tape and drum cleaning, over speed protection, overload protection, and anti block impact devices; There should be signals, electrical interlocks, and emergency stop devices on the line.